Nicolaus Copernicus: 1473 to 1543, Poland
Johannes Kepler 1473 to 1543, Poland
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"Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe. All this is suggested by the systematic procession of events and the harmony of the whole Universe, if only we face the facts, as they say, `with both eyes open'." Copernicus
Copernicus Activities:
JPL Site with elementary age activities: http://education.jpl.nasa.gov/educators/angular.html
http://plus.maths.org/issue25/reviews/book4/
Hands On Universe Explorations http://hou.lbl.gov/~vhoette/Explorations/ How Far Is It Quiz http://www.handsonuniverse.org/activities/whatisit/SolSys.html
1543 AD Copernicus publishes "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres). This is the source of the Copernican theory, namely that the Sun (not the Earth) is at rest in the centre of the Universe. More at http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Chronology/1500_1600.html#1543